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Computing with Bifocals - A (Near)-Complete List of Mac Keyboard Shortcuts
by - April 22nd, 2005

Some people prefer to use a keyboard to execute commands rather than a mouse.  Since I prefer a mouse I sometimes forget that many people would rather use their keyboards.

Recently, reader Andy King reminded me that I have been quite remiss in not updating information about keyboard commands that work with OS X.  He is so right. 

I don't even have a viable excuse so I won't offer one.  I will, however, offer the following list of keyboard commands that work with OS X for the benefit of everyone who prefers this option when using their Macs. 

I gleaned this list from a number of Internet sources, Mac OS X's built-in Help screens, my friends, and dumb luck -- not necessarily in that order. 

The first table of information demonstrates the symbols (in a size larger than the head of a pin) that are frequently used to represent specific keys on the Mac keyboards.


Some Symbols Associated With Mac Keyboards

Full Keyboard Access for Activating Access

If you set the following controls you can completely navigate menus, the dock, dialogue boxes, etc. using just the keyboard.  To make this work you much set the F1 key (turn full keyboard access on or off by selecting Control + F1) first.


Using Control With The "F" Keys

And here are the actual keyboard commands that can be used in place of a mouse.  Note:  These shortcuts work in most applications.  They may not function in all applications, most particularly those made by Adobe.

  KEYBOARD SHORTCUT   
DESCRIPTION
MENU COMMANDS
Shift+Apple+Q 
Log out
Shift+Option Apple+Q
Log out immediately
Shift+Apple+Delete  
Empty Trash
Apple+H   
Hide Active Application (Doesn't Work With Adobe Applications)
Option+Apple+H   
Hide All But The Active Application
Control+Eject   
Shut Down, Sleep, or Restart Options
Apple+Control+Eject   
Quit all applications and Restart
Apple+ . (period)   
Stop a process
Apple+ , (comma)   
Open Preferences for Active Application
Option+Apple+D   
Show/Hide Dock
Control+Up Arrow   
Move up one page
Control+Down Arrow  
Move down one page
Option+Apple+Esc   
Force Quit
FILE MANAGEMENT
Command+N   
New Finder window (or New Blank Page in Some Applications)
Shift+Apple+N   
New Folder (Must Be In Finder Window For It to Work)
Apple+O   
Open Another Existing Document
Apple+S   
Save
Shift+Apple+S   
Save as
Apple+P  
Print
Apple+W   
Close Window
Apple+Command+W
Close all Windows
Apple+I   
Get Info
Option+Apple+I   
Show Attributes Inspector (Limited use – varies by application.)
Apple+D  
Duplicate
Apple+Q   
Close Application
Apple+L   
Make Alias
Apple+R   
Show Original
Apple+T   
Add to Favorites
Apple+Delete   
Move Highlighted Items to Trash
Apple+E   
Eject
Apple+F   
Find
EDITING
Apple+Z   
Undo
Apple+X   
Cut
Apple+C   
Copy
Apple+V   
Paste
Apple+A   
Select All
Apple+ {   
Align Left - Only Works in Some Applications
Apple+ }   
Align Right - Only Works in Some Applications
Apple+ | (pipe)   
Align Center - Only Works in Some Applications
Apple+ ; (semicolon)   
Check Spelling - Only Works in Some Applications
Shift+Apple+C  
 Show Colors palette in application - Only Works in Some Applications
Apple+T   
Show Font palette in application - Only Works in Some Applications
VIEW MENU
Apple+1  
View as Icons
Apple+2   
View as List
Apple+3   
View as Columns
Option+Apple+T  
Hide Toolbar
Apple+J   
Show View Options
MOVING AROUND
Apple+ [   
Back -  Must be in Finder Window
Apple+ ]  
Forward -  Must be in Finder Window
Shift+Apple+A   
Applications -  Must be in Finder Window
Shift+Apple+F  
Favorites -  Must be in Finder Window
Shift+Apple+G   
Goto Folder -  Must be in Finder Window
Apple+K   
Connect to Server -  Must be in Finder Window
CONTROLLING WINDOWS
Apple+M   
Minimize Window
Option+Apple+M   
Minimize All Windows
GETTING HELP
Apple+ ?   
Open Mac Help
UNIVERSAL ACCESS
Option+Apple+* (asterisk)   
Turn on Zoom
Option+Apple+ = (equal)   
Zoom in
Option+Apple+ - (minus)   
Zoom out
Control+Option+Apple+* (asterisk)  
Switch to White on Black
COMBINE KEYBOARD WITH MOUSE
Option+Drag   
Copy to new location
Option+Apple+Drag   
Make alias in new location
Apple+Drag   
Move to new location without copying
SCREEN SHOTS
 will leave a .pdf file on desktop to convert to a graphic
Apple+Shift+3
Take a picture of the screen
Apple+Shift+4   
Take a picture of the selection
Apple+Shift+4, then press Control while selecting
Take a picture of the screen, place in clipboard
Apple+Shift+4, then Spacebar
Take a picture of the selected window

I do hope keyboard-only enthusiasts find this list to be useful and that mouse enthusiasts find a trick or two that will help you save time for frequently executed commands.


Copies of Nancy's book Tips, Hints, and Solutions for Seasoned Beginners Using Apple Macintosh Computers With OS X are available in PDF download versions  for US$9.57 and in print version for $18.15 plus $4.00 shipping.   To view sample pages and get ordering information visit the September 14, 2004 column.


Post your comments below.

Check out Nancy's complete index of all her columns for the most complete list of tips anywhere. The list is categorized and is a great reference when you are looking for help!

A Capacious Catalog Of Computer Tips

Talking to a generation that remembers what the world was like before there was color, covers issues for people who don't care how their computer works, but rather what their computer and the internet can do for them.

Nancy has a Master's degree in Human Services Administration and prior to her retirement she worked for almost 30 years in field of mental health and mental retardation. She has been a Mac user for 11 years, and has recently developed an avocation of teaching basic computer skills in both group and one-to-one settings.


Most Recent Computing With Bifocals Columns

Other "Computing With Bifocals" Columns

Observer Comments

Show: Subjects Only | Full Comments
Close Name:mahuti -   TMO Staff Posts: 363 Joined: 09 Jan 2003
Subject: Nowhere near complete

Perhaps something like "Commonly-used" keyboard shortcuts... might be closer..

Close Name:Mikuro Posts: 444 Joined: 15 Jun 2002
Subject: Nice work

Nice list. The last two (regarding image capturing) are news to me! Thanks! It's certainly not complete (how could it be, when every app has its own shortcuts?), but it covers most of the common global shortcuts and Finder shortcuts.

Here are some more shortcuts you may find useful.

In the Finder:
Apple+Up Arrow: Open the currently selected folder's parent folder (i.e., move UP one level in the folder hierarchy)
Apple+Down Arrow: Open the selection (pretty much the same as Apple+O, or double-clicking)

Plus, if you hold down the Option key while performing any such command in the Finder, it will close the active folder behind you. So if you option-double-click a file, it will open the file and close the folder. If you press Apple+Option+Up Arrow, it will close the current window and open its parent. I personally can't live without this behavior.

When in list view in the Finder:
Apple+Right Arrow: Expand the selected folder
Apple+Option+Right Arrow: Expand the selected folder AND one more level of sub-folders. This can be done repeatedly to open more and more levels. Very handy!
Apple+Left Arrow: Collapse the selected folder
Apple+Option+Left Arrow: Collapse the selected folder and its sub-folders (so that the next time you expand it, the sub-folders will be collapsed)

System-wide:
Apple+Tab: Switch to the next application (holding down the Apple key after pressing tab will display a list, which you can continue to tab through)
Apple+Shift+Tab: Same as above, only in the reverse order.
Apple+` (that's the key to the left of the 1 key): Cycle through the open windows of the active application. (This is defined in the Keyboard and Mouse preference pane, and might be disabled.)
Apple+Option+Shift+Escape: Force-quits the current application without bringing up a dialog. More dangerous than useful, IMO, especially since it never works on the rare occasions when you actually need it.

In most text-editing programs:
Apple+I: Italic
Apple+B: Bold
Apple+U: Underline
Apple+G: Find Again


I noticed a mistake in your list: you have the "Close All Windows" shortcut listed as Apple+Command+W (Apple and Command are the same key!) when it should be Apple+Option+W. By the way, holding down the Option key when clicking the close box has the same effect.

Close Name:egarc Posts: 9 Joined: 12 Jan 2004
Subject: forgot a shortcut

When you press Apple+Option+ctrl+* the screen briefly switches to a negative before going to black and white.

I once found a shortcut that would change the screen to negative but cannot remember or figure it out. Any shortcut gurus have it?

Close Name:Boyarsky Posts: 64 Joined: 03 Apr 2002
Subject: Can some one make...

This is a great list. Now Nancy can you put these into a downloadable PDF for us? copying & pasting these out of the website is cumbersome (at best) and time consuming to get them formatted on to one page at worst.

Just my 2¢
John
Lovin the mud season in Fairbanks

View Name:Guest
Subject: Nice, but some errors and inconsistencies
View Name:Guest
Subject: Re: Nice, but some errors and inconsistencies
Close Name:Mikuro Posts: 444 Joined: 15 Jun 2002
Subject: Negative effect

Quote
egarc wrote:
When you press Apple+Option+ctrl+* the screen briefly switches to a negative before going to black and white.

I once found a shortcut that would change the screen to negative but cannot remember or figure it out. Any shortcut gurus have it?

IINM, there is no keyboard shortcut for this, at least not anymore. However, you can access the feature in the Universal Access preference pane. Just click the "Switch to white on black" button. Command-Option-Control-8 doesn't just trigger this button, but also triggers the "switch to grayscale" button that's right next to it (which is why you see the negative effect for an instant before it goes gray). This is poor phrasing on Apple's part, really, since they say the shortcut is for "Switch to white on black", not both. Bad Apple! No cookie!

The two buttons ("white on black" and "grayscale") can be used together in any combination.

View Name:Guest
Subject: Thanks for this
View Name:Guest
Subject: Thank you very much!
View Name:Guest
Subject: near-complete list ...
View Name:Guest
Subject: any one know this?
View Name:Guest
Subject: how to quit all apps without restarting?
View Name:Guest
Subject: More editing shortcuts
View Name:Guest
Subject: Command + T in Excel
View Name:Guest
Subject: Keyboard shortcuts list
View Name:Guest
Subject: Instant sleep: option-apple-eject
View Name:Guest
Subject: quitting all applications
View Name:Guest
Subject: Command vs. Apple
View Name:Guest
Subject: re: quitting all applications
Close Name:AFCdtLoeb Posts: 2533 Joined: 20 Jul 2004
Subject:

Printed em out, put em on the wall above my desk.

Close Name:Nancy With Bifocals -   TMO Staff Posts: 28 Joined: 05 Aug 2001
Subject: Correction and PDF File

Thanks for catching the error related to "Close All Windows". I've emailed the editor to request a correction and apologize for not catching it myself. Thanks also for the additional hints. The request for a PDF downloadable version is a great idea and I have created one that contains only the charts. You can download it http://home.austin.rr.com/ncg/keyboardhints.pdf.

Nancy Carroll Gravley

View Name:Guest
Subject: Wrong Link for PDF
View Name:Guest
Subject: Shortcut for minimize
View Name:Guest
Subject: Not to be uber nerd-boy here or anything...
View Name:Guest
Subject: go to black and white
View Name:Guest
Subject: How to quit all apps without restarting
View Name:Guest
Subject: How to quit all apps without restarting
View Name:Guest
Subject: shortkey for photoshop and quarkexpress
View Name:Guest
Subject: who built my mac?
View Name:Guest
Subject: who built my mac?
View Name:Guest
Subject: Symbol Icons
View Name:Guest
Subject: Re: Symbol Icons
View Name:Guest
Subject: Switching to neg
View Name:Guest
Subject: cent symbol
View Name:Guest
Subject: What to do first when my powerbook 12" arrives
View Name:Guest
Subject: Re:What to do first when my powerbook 12" arrives
Close Name:Peter from Bloor Posts: 1 Joined: 19 Jul 2006
Subject: Shortcuts for navigating iCal

I am new to iMac (but not to computing) and like using shortcuts. I struggled a bit to find out about them but once I had found ctrl+F2 I could find my way round most of the rest.
However I have a problem with navigating around iCal. The specific problem I have is when I want to add a new event or to do. I click on Apple+N and I can then tye in the event title but I can not work out how I get to the information panel to add in the rest of the details.
Any help gratefully received.

View Name:Guest
Subject: shortcut for PUBLISHED?
Close Name:LaurieF -   TMO Forum Mod Posts: 3463 Joined: 15 Jun 2001
Subject:

A couple of days ago Apple provided a hint from its RSS News feed for this and similar symbols:

http://www.apple.com/pro/tips/symbols.html

View Name:Guest
Subject: command+E
View Name:Guest
Subject: THE COMMAND "SHAMROCK" SYMBOL
Close Name:freggelfrank Posts: 1 Joined: 31 May 2007
Subject:

Ctrl-Option-Cmd-8

Quote
Mikuro wrote:
Quote
egarc wrote:
When you press Apple+Option+ctrl+* the screen briefly switches to a negative before going to black and white.

I once found a shortcut that would change the screen to negative but cannot remember or figure it out. Any shortcut gurus have it?

IINM, there is no keyboard shortcut for this, at least not anymore. However, you can access the feature in the Universal Access preference pane. Just click the "Switch to white on black" button. Command-Option-Control-8 doesn't just trigger this button, but also triggers the "switch to grayscale" button that's right next to it (which is why you see the negative effect for an instant before it goes gray). This is poor phrasing on Apple's part, really, since they say the shortcut is for "Switch to white on black", not both. Bad Apple! No cookie!

The two buttons ("white on black" and "grayscale") can be used together in any combination.


--------------------

try Ctrl-Option-Cmd-8

View Name:Guest
Subject: HELP PLEASE!!! (MYSTERY COMMAND)
View Name:Guest
Subject: Also....
Comment o